壓力肌動圖適用于研究微小動脈(內經>50微米)腔內的壓力與直徑的變化關系。實驗在顯微鏡下進行，血管內徑、外徑、管腔內流量、壓力和溫度的改變通過計算機控制的圖像分析系統實時連續的顯示和記錄下來。傳感器連讀地監測流入端和流出端的壓力，水平張力可在微調控器下調節。血管腔內的壓力可被壓力調控器容易地調節。實驗小室內的溫度在溫度控制裝置的調控下保持恒溫。實驗小室的蓋板上附有試液灌流裝置、置換液體裝置和氣體供給裝置。至1989年以來, 采用 Living Systems 壓力肌動圖進行血管生理及藥理研究的全世界頂尖的研究機構和大學及藥廠研究室已達五百余***。 生命科學實驗研究發表的科學論文2007年已達***千多篇。
壓力肌動圖系統包括以下幾個部分:
肌動圖系統：實驗小室，中央控制及其信息轉換裝置，實驗小室蓋板，校準裝置及其負壓活舌。
壓力調控系統：壓力調控器：0 - 250 mmHg
數椐獲取及其分析系統：倒置顯徽鏡、 C-接口、CCD攝像機，圖像攝取I/O裝置，計算機及其數椐獲取/分析軟件系統。
應用范圍:
基本特性: 小血管, 大血管, 血管壁厚度的測量,兩個血管的對比研究,不同種類的動物血管對比研究及其同類動物不同血管的對比研究,對局部血管反應性的評估, 人體不同血管的研究 .
血管反應機理的研究: 血管內皮：血管內皮分泌的舒張因子（***氧化氮）, 前列腺素以及血管內皮分泌的超極化因子 ;
平滑肌: 鈣通道、鉀通道的作用機理
受體研究: 受體定位和作用特征研究, 激素,神經遞質及其它激動劑的影響
藥物機理的研究 : ＡＣＥ***抑制劑, 洋地黃及其胰島素作用機理的研究
生理學研究 : 年齡, 懷孕, 麻醉 ;
病理學研究: 高血壓, 脂肪沈滯性動脈硬化癥, 糖尿病, 缺血癥, 腫瘤, 心臟病, 肺疾病;
深入研究的可能性: 電生理實驗(膜電位的測定), 細胞內離子和其它物質的螢光測定
密封的、單血管室：CH/1/AU CH/1/AU/SH
應用：1. 長期血管灌注 2. 血管培養 3. 基因轉移 4. 重塑研究 5. 血管外壓迫
壓力控制和流量控制PS/200型：
?壓力模式：建立并自動維持0-200mmHg之間的所選壓力
?流動模式：產生可調節的、穩定的灌注速度，范圍為3 μl/min至2.5 ml/min。其壓力傳感器，可檢測并控制微型蠕動泵的壓力。 Extravascular Pressure Control System
***新產品: 血管外壓力肌動圖
即將血管壓力(EvP)應用于安裝在密封室中的離體插管的和有壓力的血管外。 特別對心肌、骨骼肌和受到肌肉組織持續不變、脈動壓力的血管(血管是嵌入肌肉組織中的), 對這些血管可進行研究，以測量經常發生的功能變化在心血管疾病中的意義，并分析潛在的機理。
1. EV-1型血管外壓力控制器和SG-1型信號發生器。簡單地說，當單獨應用時，EV-1型產生可選擇的、持續不變的EvP，起中間環節的作用，允許SG-1產生正弦的、脈動的血管外壓力波形。
2. CH/1/AU型密封血管室及其自加熱姊妹型即CH/1/AU/SH型，是本系統的關鍵部件。
系統壓力的基本來源，是***個實驗室壓縮氣缸和***個調節(用戶提供)，使壓力降低至6-8psi。
然后，此壓力由經過電子飼服閥從EV-1接收到的信號調節，產生所需要的穩定的或不穩定的血管外室壓力。 飼服閥是EV-1的***個部件。
Function – The instruments provide a means for applying extravascular pressures (EvP) to excised, cannulated and pressurized vessels mounted in a sealed chamber. In particular, for cardiac, skeletal muscle and other vessels subjected to sustained or pulsatile pressures from the muscular tissue in which they are embedded. Studies can be carried out on these vessels to determine whether the functional changes that often occur may have local or distal significance in cardiovascular disease, and for analyzing underlying mechanisms.
System Components – The two instruments explained in more detail below are the Extravascular Pressure Control, Model EV-1 and the Signal Generator, Model SG-1. Briefly, the EV-1 produces selectable, sustained EvP when used alone, and acts as an intermediate link allowing the SG-1 to create sinusoidal and pulsatile extravascular pressure waveshapes.
The sealed vessel chambers, Model CH/1/AU or its self-heated cousin Model CH/1/AU/SH are key components of this system. These chambers are described elsewhere on our website.
A laboratory compressed gas tank and a regulating valve (user supplied) for reducing the pressure to 6 to 8 psi is the fundamental source of system pressure. It is then modified by signals received from the EV-1 via the Electronic Servo Valve to create the desired steady or non-steady extravascular chamber pressures. The servo valve is included as part of the EV-1.
EV – 1 Pressure Control Unit –
The extravascular pressure (EvP) in the sealed chamber is sensed by a solid-state pressure transducer. The signal from this transducer is connected to the EV-1 Control Unit where it is compared with either the internal pressure signal set by the EV-1 pressure dial, or one of the external pressure signals fed into either the Function Generator or Signal Generator input jacks. Any difference between these two signals regulates the Electronic Servo Valve output pressure so that the two presures are the same.
Internal Pressure Signal Mode: Here, the signal corresponding to the Pressure Dial setting calibrated in mmHg establishes the extravascular chamber pressure. This pressure is sustained until a new presure is selected. The panel meter reading also shows the chosen extravascular pressure in mmHg which can be accessed for data acquisition at the rear panel Pressure Signal jack.
External Pressure Signal Mode: When switched to this mode, various extravascular pressure waveshapes can be created to match external input signals. Again, the actual extravascular pressure can be accessed for data acquisition at the rear panel Pressure Signal jack.
Function Generator signals can be obtained from a computer program written by the user and a computer having a D/A computer board that supplies analog voltages of 10 mV/mmHg. In this way, various simple or complex, time-dependent pressures can be applied to the chamber.
Signal Generator – The Model SG-1 is used to establish sinusoidal and pulsatile extravascular waveshapes as described ahead.
EV-1 Specifications
Pressure Range: 0 – 250 mmHg
Pressure Output Signal: 10 mV/mmHg
External Input Signal: 10 mV/mmHg
Power: 100-120 VAC/60 Hz or 200-240VAC/50Hz
Size/Weight: 13 x 11 x 36 cm (H x W x L)/3.1 kg
Applications
Over 420 papers have been published using Living System Instrumentation's cannulated blood vessel system. We have compiled a bibliography, which may be accessed by clicking Bibliography. Available in Adobe Acrobat for search use.
A Host of Applications using these tools are at the disposal of the research investigator interested in obtaining new insights into the mechanisms of vascular function in human health and disease.
Typical Examples -
Studies: hypertension, diabetes, aging, and pregnancy
Tissue Sources: humans, primates, swine, rats, dogs, and rabbits
Vascular Beds: cerebral, coronary, lung, skin, and kidney
Vasoactive Agents: NO, endothelin, estrogen, peptides, and oxygen
Simultaneous Measurements: Fluorescence & Vessel Diameter
Changes in diameter of rat gracilis arterioles as a function of perfusate flow
From: Koller A, Sun D, Huang A, Kaley G
Co-release of nitric oxide and prostaglandins mediates flow-dependent dilation of gracilis muscle arterioles. Am J Physiol 1994; 267:H326-H33
Depolarization and constriction of rat myogenic cerebral arteries with tone by the KCA channel inhibitor iberiotoxin
From: Nelson MT , Cheng H, Rubart M, Santana LF, Bonev AD, Knot HJ, Lederer WJ
Relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by calcium sparks. Science 1995;270:633-637
Pressure = 60 mmHg
Coronary microvessel responses of normal and atherosclerotic monkeys to acetylcholine
Vessel diameters = 122 - 220 μm
From: Sellke FW, Armstrong ML, Harrison DG
Endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation is abnormal in the coronary microcirculation of atherosclerotic primates. Circ 1990;81:1586-1593
Spontaneous vasomotion of cerebral artery diameter as a function of temperature
Pressure = 80 mmHg
From: Osol G, Halpern W
Spontaneous vasomotion in pressurized cerebral arteries from genetically hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol 1988;254 (Heart Circ Physiol 23):H28-H33
Oxygen reactivity of an isolated rat cremaster muscle arteriole
Pressure = 65 mmHg; ID = 77 μm
From: Messina EJ, Sun D, Koller A, Wolin MS, Kaley G
Increases in oxygen tension evoke arteriolar constriction by inhibiting endothelial prostaglandin synthesis. Microvasc Res 1994;48(2):151-160
Quick Summary
Single & Dual Vessel Chamber Models
For Perfusion of Isolated, Cannulated Vessels
These chambers are machined from an inert plastic (PET) that has chemical and physical properties superior to acrylics. The chambers can be readily mounted on the microscope mechanical stage for adjustment of the image field.
Single Vessel Chambers- Most can be supplied with Pt stimulation electrodes for electrical neurotransmitter release from the nerve varicosities. Add /S to model number for this option. All of these chambers are ideal for applications requiring confocal microscopy and simultaneous fluorescence and diameter measurements. For ratiometric fluorescence and vessel dimensioning data acquisition systems, consider IonOptix www.ionoptix.com.
Picture Model Description
CH/1/AU Sealed chamber for applying extravascular pressures to a perfused, pressurized vessel and for long-term perfusion experiments. Bath volume: 3-5 ml. Requires superfusion for warming bath.
CH/1/AU/SH Similar to CH/1/AU, but includes Self-Heated bath and temperature controller. May be used with or without superfusion.
CH/1 For fluorescent, confocal, and many other applications. Requires superfusion for warming bath.
CH/1/SH Same as CH/1 but includes Self-Heated bath and temperature controller. May be used with or without superfusion.
CH/1/QT For rapid freezing or fixation of cannulated, pressurized vessel
CH/1/R For axially rotating or inverting a cannulated, pressurized vessel.
Dual Vessel Chambers - Most can be supplied with Pt stimulation electrodes for electrical neurotransmitter release from the nerve varicosities. Add /S to model number for this option.
Picture Model Description
CH/2/A Separate baths; 8 ml bath volume; requires superfusion for warming bath.
CH/2/E Separate baths; 8 ml bath volume; removable cover for control of gas environment above baths; requires superfusion for warming bath.
CH/2/SH Separate baths; 2 ml bath volume; Self-Heated baths and temperature controller; non-superfused baths.
Pressure
Control and Measurement
Model PS/200
This Pressure Servo and Peristaltic Pump instrument has two modes of operation.
Pressure mode - Establishes and automatically maintains any selected pressure between 0 and 200 mmHg.
Flow mode - Produces an adjustable, stable perfusion rate in the range of 3 μl/min to 2.5 ml/min.
A solid-state pressure transducer placed in a biological preparation setup, such as a cannulated vessel, senses the pressure for control of the miniature peristaltic pump. This pump supplies physiological perfusates from a reservoir to generate and hold a particular pressure, or flow; each can be independently determined by the setting of pre-calibrated dials. Pressure is indicated directly in mmHg on a digital panel meter in both modes, and is available as an analog output voltage for data acquisition. Pressure may also be programmed through an external voltage signal applied to the instrument. Additional information can be found in Q&A.
Model PS/20
This instrument is similar to the PS/200 except that the maximum pressure range is 20 mmHg. It is especially useful for low pressure vessel experiments on veins, airways and lymphatics.
Features
Linear calibration of pressure and flow signals
Flow-thru pressure transducers · Pressure or flow values easily changed
Pump can be positioned relatively near to the vessel chamber to minimize perfusion time
Applications
Maintain transmural pressure during flow changes
Examine myogenic responses
Deliver vasoactive agents intralumenally
Determine concentration/response
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